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]]>According to “Max weber” in an organization everyone have to perform a specific task. For example in a university teachers job is only to teach, the one who works in administration should look after the maintenance and procurement. Teachers should not perform the job responsibilities of administrator and administrator should not teach, everyone in the organization have been assigned specific tasks and they should perform only those tasks. Weber believed that, such type of division of labor will increase the level of expertise of employee in his field and increase the efficiency and productivity of organization. However, according to conflict theorist “Karl Marx” division of labor can result in the feeling of alienation in employees because it separates them from other workers. Furthermore, the employees cannot see and learn the task beginning to end which might lead to the less productivity.
All the employees working in the organization are not equal, its structure is hierarchical. Each employee are under the authority of higher position the structure of organization is like pyramid. It clarify the employees that who are in charge and have authority of decision making in the organization. On the other hand, it might lead to the feeling of deprivation among employees of decision making, particularly those, who are at lower level of hierarchy.
All the employees working in the organization, work according to the written rules and regulations. It gives employees clear picture of their job responsibilities. It will also lead to Uniform performance, sense of unity and continuity to an organization. However, too many rules and regulation might lead to goal displacement, employees could get busy in following the rules and forget their actual goal.
The word impersonality might seems a like negative term, however, max weber meant by, impersonality that, every employee in the organization should conduct their activity in unbiased way. According to him, it will ensure the equal treatment of employees within the organization.
“Max weber” believed that, hiring of the employee should be based on their qualification. By that, he meant that, the required job responsibilities should match the qualification and skill set of the employee. Only those applicants should be hired who meets the criteria of job. It will decrease the level of discrimination on the basis of cast, creed, gender and religion.
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]]>This type of social action is goal oriented and the motive of the goal is derived from the desires of actor. However, the goal should be realistic and actor should have means which are required to achieve the goal. In goal rational action; individual set a goal and he uses the efficient ways or means to achieve it. Moreover, the goal and the means should be rational or justifiable. For example, an individual may want highest score in the class, however, to accomplish that goal, he has to work hard and give more time to study and do not let his emotions come in a way of accomplishing his goal. If he does not give time to his studies and yet want to score high in class then his goal and mean of achieving it is considered to be irrational or unrealistic.
In value rational social action, goal and means of achieving end is derived and determined by values. This type of social action is also considered to be rational however, the rationality of that action is justified by the actor from his set of beliefs, which may be aesthetic, religious, constitutional, and based on profession policy. For example, individuals who are in the following professions, Police, clergy and lawyers are supposed to choose goals and means to accomplishing it, under a particular code and rules, which efficiency and effectiveness cannot be questioned by them.
Such social action is motivated by the emotions of individual. This type of social action is considered to be the most irrational action. For example, if a football player gets angry during a match and in that moment of anger, he hits opponent team player, he knows that such action will weaken their team position and may affect his career, despite knowing the consequences he hits the player. The reason why “weber” called it the most irrational social action.
Traditional social action is derived from the customs of society. For example if someone eat food with their bare hands and someone asks why are you not eating with fork and knife? If he/she replies that, my ancestor used to eat with bare hands that’s why I am eating too that way, such social action will come into the category of traditional social action.
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]]>Max weber theory of social action is based on, the cause and effect relationship. He says that, the action is not considered to be social unless it is influence by the action of others, suppose if a person don’t like to play football, but when he sees his friends enjoying playing football on picnic and he starts playing with them too. This action should be considered as social, for the reason that, his action was influenced by his friends.
Furthermore, subjective meaning and motive should be connected to any social action, it can be normative or necessity for the actor to perform such action according to the situation. For example, if a person shoot an intruder, the motive behind his shooting may be self-defense or protection of his family and property. In the example the action was considered to be social because the actor had motive behind action and the situation necessitate his action.
Talcott defined six characteristics of social action which are as follow.
• Actors who perform social action are individual or individuals.
• There is purpose or motive behind every social action.
• The motive can be achieved by actors from different type of actions.
• Actor achieve his goal by different means depends on the situation.
• The objective and means of achieving that are selected on the basis of norm, values and laws.
• Involving action actor use his personal perspective to take decisions regarding, the means to achieve his goal.
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