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<h2 align="justify"><img class="wp-image-1853 alignleft" src="https://sociologylearners.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/1117-1-247x300.jpg" alt="" width="169" height="206" /></h2>
<h4 align="justify">By Khushdil Khan Kasi</h4>
<h2 align="justify"><b>What is Psychosis?</b></h2>
<p align="justify"><b>Psychosis</b> is a mental health condition characterized by a disconnection from reality. People experiencing psychosis may have difficulties distinguishing between what is real and what is not. This condition can profoundly affect a person’s thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.</p>
<h3 align="justify"><b>Key Features of Psychosis</b></h3>
<h4 align="justify"><b>Hallucinations:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify"><b>Definition:</b> Sensory experiences that appear real but are created by the mind. These can affect any of the senses.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Types:</b></div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Auditory Hallucinations:</b> Hearing voices or sounds that are not there.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Visual Hallucinations:</b> Seeing things that are not present.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Olfactory Hallucinations:</b> Smelling odors that do not exist.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Gustatory Hallucinations:</b> Tasting things that are not there.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Tactile Hallucinations:</b> Feeling sensations on the skin that have no physical cause.</div>
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<h4 align="justify"><b>Delusions:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify"><b>Definition:</b> Strongly held false beliefs that are not grounded in reality. These are resistant to contrary evidence.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Types:</b></div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Paranoid Delusions:</b> Belief that others are plotting against or trying to harm the individual.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Grandiose Delusions:</b> Belief in one’s exceptional abilities, wealth, or fame.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Somatic Delusions:</b> Belief that something is severely wrong with one’s body.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Erotomanic Delusions:</b> Belief that someone, often a celebrity or stranger, is in love with the individual.</div>
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<h4 align="justify"><b>Disorganized Thinking:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify"><b>Definition:</b> Incoherent or illogical thought patterns that make it difficult for the person to speak or write in a clear, organized way.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Symptoms:</b></div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Tangentiality:</b> Going off on tangents instead of directly answering questions.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Loose Associations:</b> Jumping from one topic to another without clear connections.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Incoherence:</b> Speech that is so disorganized it becomes incomprehensible.</div>
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<h4 align="justify"><b>Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify"><b>Definition:</b> Unusual or excessive movements or behaviors.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Symptoms:</b></div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Agitation:</b> Excessive restlessness or excitement.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Catatonia:</b> Lack of movement or response to the environment, which can include remaining in a fixed position for long periods.</div>
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<h4 align="justify"><b>Negative Symptoms:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify"><b>Definition:</b> Reduction or absence of normal functions.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Symptoms:</b></div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Affective Flattening:</b> Limited range of emotions.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Alogia:</b> Reduced speech output.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Anhedonia:</b> Decreased ability to experience pleasure.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Avolition:</b> Lack of motivation to initiate and perform self-directed purposeful activities.</div>
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<h3 align="justify"><b>Causes of Psychosis</b></h3>
<p align="justify">Psychosis can have multiple causes, including:</p>
<h4 align="justify"><b>Mental Health Disorders:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify"><b>Schizophrenia:</b> A severe mental disorder characterized by persistent psychosis.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Bipolar Disorder:</b> Severe mood swings that can include episodes of psychosis, especially during manic or depressive phases.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Major Depressive Disorder with Psychotic Features:</b> Severe depression that includes psychotic symptoms.</div>
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<h4 align="justify"><b>Substance Use:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify"><b>Drug-Induced Psychosis:</b> Use of or withdrawal from substances such as alcohol, cannabis, LSD, amphetamines, or cocaine can trigger psychotic episodes.</div>
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<h4 align="justify"><b>Medical Conditions:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify"><b>Neurological Disorders:</b> Conditions like Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, brain tumors, or epilepsy.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Infections:</b> Severe infections affecting the brain, such as encephalitis or HIV.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Metabolic Disorders:</b> Conditions affecting the body’s metabolism, such as liver or kidney failure.</div>
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<h4 align="justify"><b>Trauma or Stress:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify">Severe psychological stress or trauma can precipitate a psychotic episode, particularly in individuals predisposed to psychosis.</div>
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<h3 align="justify"><b>Causes of Psychosis</b></h3>
<h4 align="justify"><b>Diagnosis:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify">Diagnosis is usually made by a mental health professional based on a clinical assessment, including a thorough history and examination of symptoms.</div>
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<div align="justify">Diagnostic tools may include structured interviews, psychological tests, and, when necessary, medical tests to rule out other causes.</div>
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<h3 align="justify"><b>Treatment:</b></h3>
<h4 align="justify"><b>Medications:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify"><b>Antipsychotics:</b> Medications that help manage symptoms of psychosis. They can be first-generation (typical) or second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Mood Stabilizers or Antidepressants:</b> Used in cases where psychosis is associated with mood disorders.</div>
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<h4 align="justify"><b>Psychotherapy:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify"><b>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):</b> Helps individuals understand and manage their thoughts and behaviors.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Supportive Therapy:</b> Provides support and education to help individuals cope with the condition.</div>
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<h4 align="justify"><b>Social Support:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify"><b>Case Management:</b> Coordination of care and services to support individuals in managing their daily lives.</div>
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<div align="justify"><b>Family Therapy:</b> Involves family members in treatment to provide support and improve communication.</div>
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<h4 align="justify"><b>Hospitalization:</b></h4>
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<div align="justify">In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to ensure the safety of the individual and to provide intensive treatment.</div>
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<h3 align="justify"><b>Conclusion</b></h3>
<p align="justify">Psychosis is a serious mental health condition that disrupts an individual’s perception of reality. Understanding its symptoms, causes, and treatment options is crucial for managing the condition effectively and improving the quality of life for those affected. Early intervention and comprehensive treatment can lead to better outcomes and help individuals regain their functioning and well-being.</p>
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